Arne Flåøyen: 

STUDIES ON THE AETIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF ALVELD 
with some comparisons to sporidesmin intoxication

• Aas, 0. and Ulvund, M.J., 1989.  Do microfungi help to induce the phototoxic disease alveld in Norway?  Veterinary Record, 124, 563 
• Abas Mazni, 0., Mohd Khusahry, Y. and Sheikh Omar, A.R., 1983. Jaundice and photosensitization in indigenous sheep of Malaysia grazing on Brachiaria decumbens.  Malaysian Veterinary Journal, 7, 254-263
• Abdelkader, S.V., Ceh, L., Dishington, I.W. and Hauge, J.G., 1984.  Alveld-producing saponins.  II.  Toxicological studies.  Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 25, 76-85
• Abdullah, A.S., Lajis, N.H., Bremner, J.B., Davies, N.W., Mustapha, W. and Rajion, M.A., 1992.  Hepatotoxic constituents in the rumen of Brachiaria decumbens intoxicated sheep.  Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 34, 154-155
• Borgedal, P., 1967.  In: Norges jordbruk i nyere tid.  Vol. 2 Husdyrholdet.(Bondernes forlag, Oslo)
• Bridges, C.H., Camp, B.J., Livingston, C.W. and Bailey, E.M., 1987.  Kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) poisoning in sheep.  Veterinary Pathology, 24, 525-531
• Button, C., Paynter, D.I., Shiel, M.J., Colson, A.R., Paterson, P.J. and Lyford,
• R.L.9 1987.  Crystal-associated cholangiohepatopathy and photosensitisation in lambs.  Australian Veterinary Journal, 64, 176-180 
• Camp, B.J., Bridges, C.H., Hill, D.W., Patamalai, B. and Wilson, S., 1988. Isolation of a steroidal sapogenin from the bile of a sheep fed Agave lecheguilla.  Veterinary and Human Toxicology,30, 533-535 
• Ceh, L. and Hauge, J.G., 1981.  Alveld-producing saponins.  I. Chemical studies.  Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 22, 391-402 
• Clare, N. T., 1955.  Photosensitization in animals.  Advances in Veterinary Science, 2, 182-211
• Coetzer, J.A.W., Kellerman, T.S., Sadler, W. and Bath, G.F., 1983.  Photosensitivity in South Africa.  V. A comparative study of the pathology of the ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases, facial eczema and geeldikkop (Tribulosis ovis), with special reference to their pathogenesis.  Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 50, 59-71.
• Ender, F., 1955.  Undersøkelser over alveldsykens etiologi. (Etiological studies on "alveld" - a disease involving photosensitization and icterus in lambs).  Nordisk Veterinærmedicin, 7, 329-377 
• Flåøyen, A., 1990.  Hepatogen fotosensibilitet hos sau. [Eng.: Hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases in sheep].  Norsk Veterinartidsskrift, 102, 183-190
• Flåøyen, A., 1992.  Alveld- en historisk oversikt fram til 1940. [Eng: Alveld (Literally - "elf-fire") - a historical review up to 1940].  Norsk Veterinærtidsskrift, 104, 737-742
• Ford, E.J.H., 1964.  A preliminary investigation of photosensitization in Scottish sheep.  Journal of Comparative Pathology,74, 37-44
• Fusk, M., 1934.  In: Direktøren for det civile veterinxrvesen (ed), Det civile veterinærvesen 1932. (H.  Aschehoug, Oslo, Norges offisielle statistikk.  IX. 34), 28
• Fægri, K., 1960.  Narthecium ossifragum.  In: K. Fægri, 0. Gjærevoll, J. Lid (eds), Maps of distribution of Norwegian plants, (Oslo University Press, Oslo), 95
• Glastonbury, J.R.W., Doughty, F.R., Whitaker, S.J. and Sergeant, E.. 1984. A syndrome of hepatogenous photosensitisation, resembling geeldikkop, in sheep grazing Tribulus terrestris.  Australian Veterinary Journal, 61, 314-316
• Graydon, R.J., Hamid, H., Zahari, P. and Gardiner, C., 1991.  Photosensitisation and crystal-associated cholangiohepatopathy in sheep grazing Brachiaria decumbens.  Australian Veterinary Journal, 68, 234-236
• Henrici, M., 1952.  Comparative study of the content of starch and sugars of Tribulus terrestris, Lucerne, some Gramineae and Pentzia incana under different meteorological, edaphic and physiological conditions. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 25(3), 45-92 
• Holland, P.T., Miles, C.O., Mortimer, P.H., Wilkins, A.L., Hawkes, A.D. and Smith, B.L.. 1991.  Isolation of the steroidal sapogenin epismilagenin from the bile of sheep affected by Panicum dichotomiflorum toxicosis.  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 39, 1963-1965 
• Høeg, O.A., 1974.  Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds., rome.  In: O.A. Høeg, Planter og tradisjon.  Floraen i levende tale og tradisjon i Norge 1925-1973. (Universitetsforlaget, Oslo), 464-466
• Jensen, H.P., 1918.  Alvelle.  In: Direktøren for det civile veterinærvæsen (ed), Veterinærvæsenet og kjøtkontrollen 1916. (H.  Aschehoug, Kristiania, Norges officielle statistic.  VI. 121), 13
• Jessen, C.T., 1893.  In: Overlægen for det civile veterinærvæsen (ed), Beretning om veterinærvæsenet i Norge for året 1891. (H.  Aschehoug, Kristiania, Norges officielle statistic.  Tredie række no. 181), 29
• Kellerman, T.S. and Coctzer, J.A.W., 1984.  Hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases in South Africa (Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, Technical Communication 193)
• Kellerman, T.S., Erasmus, G.L., Coetzcr, J.A.W., Brown, J.M.M. and Maartens, B.P., 1991.  Photosensitivity in South Africa.  VI.  The experimental induction of geeldikkop in sheep with crude steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris.  Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 58, 47-53
• Kellerman, T.S., van der Westhuizen, G.C.A., Coetzer, J.A.W., Roux, C., Marasas, W.F.O., Minne, J.A., Bath, G.F. and Basson, P.A., 1980.  Photosensitivity in South Africa.  II.  The experimental production of the ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity disease geeldikkop (Tribulosis ovis) by the simultaneous ingestion of Tribulus terrestris plants and cultures of Pithomyces chartarum containing the mycotoxin sporidesmin.  Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 47, 231-261
• Kjoss-Hansen, J., 1910.  In: Direktøren for det civile veterinærvæsen (ed), Veterinærvæsenet og kjødkontrollen 1908. (H.  Aschehoug, Kristiania, Norges officielle statistik.  V. 112.), 19-20
• Kjoss-Hansen, J., 1918.  Alvelle.  In: Direktøren for det civile veterinærvæsen (ed), Veterinærvæsenet og kjøtkontrollen 1916. (H.  Aschehoug, Kristiania, Norges offisielle statistikk.  VI. 184), 12-13 
• Lancaster, M.J., Vit, I. and Lyford, R.L., 1991.  Analysis of bile crystals from sheep grazing Panicum schinzii (sweet grass).  Australian Veterinary Journal, 68, 281
• Mathews, F.P., 1937.  Lechuguilla (Agave lecheguilia) poisoning in sheep, goats, and laboratory animals. (Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 554)
• Miles, C.O., Munday, S.C., Holland, P.T., Lancaster, M.J. and Wilkins, A.L., 1992.  Further analysis of bile crystals from sheep grazing Panicum schinzii (sweet grass).  Australian Veterinary Journal, 69, 34 
• Miles, C.O., Munday, S.C., Holland, P.T., Smith, B.L., Embling, P.P. and Wilkins, A.L., 1991.  Identification of a sapogenin glucuronide in the bile of sheep affected by Panicum dichotomiflorum toxicosis.  New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 39, 150-152
• Miles, C.O., Wilkins, A.L., Munday, S.C., Holland, P.T., Smith, B.L., Lancaster, M.J. and Embling, P.P., In press.  Identification of the calcium salt of epismilagenin B-D-glucuronide in the bile crystals of sheep affected by Panicum dichotomiflorum and Panicum schinzii toxicosis.  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 
• Mortimer, P.H., 1963.  The experimental intoxication of sheep with sporidesmin, a metabolic product of Pithomyces chartarum.  IV.Histological and histochemical examinations of orally-dosed sheep. Research in Veterinary Science, 4, 166-185
• Patamalai, B., Hejtmancik, E., Bridges, C.H., Hill, D.W. and Camp, B.J., 1990.  The isolation and identification of steroidal sapogenins in Kleingrass.  Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 32, 314-318 
• Quin, J.I., Rimington, C. and Roets, G.C.S., 1935.  Studies on the photosensitisation of animals in South Africa.  VIII.  The biological formation of phylloerythrin in the digestive tracts of various domesticated animals.  Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, 4, 463-471
• Reichen, J. and Simon, F.R., 1988.  Cholestasis.  In: I.M. Arias, W.B. Jakoby, H. Popper, D. Schachter and D.A. Shafritz (eds), The liver.  Biology and pathobiology. 2nd ed. (Raven Press, New York), 1105-1124
• Rimington, C. and Quin, J.I., 1933.  Photosensitising agent in 'geel-dikkop' phylloerythrin.  Nature, 132, 178-179
• Slagsvold, L.M., 1928.  Forgiftninger.  Årsaksforhold ved forgiftningstilfeller hos husdyr.  In: 3. Nordiske Veterinærmøte, Oslo 1928.  Beretning (Kobelske Bok- og Kunsttrykkeri, Oslo) 753-776 
• Summerfield, R.J., 1974.  Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds.  Journal of Ecology, 62, 325-339
• Tillier, S., 1910.  In: Direktoren for det civile veterinxrvxsen (ed), Veterinærvæsenet og kjødkontrollen 1908. (H.  Aschehoug, Kristiania, Norges officielle statistic.  V. 112), 20-22
• Tillier, S., 1918.  Alvelle.  In: Direktøren for det civile veterinærvæsen (ed), Veterinærvæsenet og kjøtkontrollen 1916. (H.  Aschehoug, Kristiania, Norges officielle statistic.  VI. 121), 12
• Tillier, S., 1921.  Alvelle.  In: Direktøren for det civile veterinærvesen (ed), Veterinærvesenet og kjøttkontrollen 1919. (H.  Aschehoug, Kristiania, Norges offisielle statistikk.  VII. 22)s 14-15 
• Ulvund, M.J., 1984.  Alveld og andre sjukdommer med symptomer på fotosensibilitet hos sau [Eng.: Alveld and other photosensitivity diseases in sheep].  In: Giftige planter og planteforgiftninger hos dyr i Rogaland. (Rogaland veterinærforening, Utstein Kloster), 23-29 
• Wille, N., 1919.  Lyngsyke hos faar.  Norsk Veterinær-Tidsskrift, 31, 254-258